If the world’s energy requirements continue to increase, there might come a time when our civilization would require all energy output from our parent star, the Sun. The energy output from the Sun is 3.9 x 1026 W. If our civilization is able to capture even one-fourth of this energy,
Have you ever wondered about how far humans have evolved as a species? Or have you wondered where we stand as an intergalactic civilization if we were to find more civilization in the universe? Or better yet, have you wondered what would more advanced civilizations in the universe will be
What is an achromatic aberration? A chromatic aberration is the inability of a lens to focus different wavelengths on a single focal point. This phenomenon happens because of the fact that the refractive index of a material depends on the wavelength. That is why materials are called dispersive, meaning their
Introduction to wave plates “Wave plate is an instrument (Optical device) that has the ability to change the state of light when light is incident on it.” These plates are made from different materials most common of which are birefringent material (plastic) Wave plates either half or quarter plates have
Crystals are categorized as both isotropic and anisotropic depending upon their optical behavior and whether or not their crystallographic axes are equivalent. All isotropic crystals have identical axes that similarly engage with light, irrespective of the crystal orientation with admire to incident light waves. Light getting into an isotropic crystal is refracted at a regular attitude and passes through the crystal at a fixed angle, having constant speed without being polarized with the aid of interaction with the electronic components of the crystalline lattice. On the other
Inroduction to refractive index calculator The refractive index describes the change in speed of light as it enters from air into the material under observation. Therefore, the refractive index is a material property and everything we see around in our daily lives is composed of different materials. All of the
What is blackbody radiation? Any object that is composed of subatomic particles emits electromagnetic (EM) radiations when it is above the absolute temperature of 0o Kelvins (which corresponds to approximately -273.15o K). This emission of EM waves is termed thermal radiation and it represents the internal energy converted by the
Introduction to Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) All semiconductor diodes available today are used in some capacity, but LEDs are the most widely used of them all. The visible light or the invisible infrared light of a light-producing diode may be transmitted one-sidedly (biased). There are several uses for LEDs that
This post outlines the latest trends in solar cells. As we know that with the passage of time, the world is moving towards solar energy as fossil fuels are becoming rare. Solar energy harvesting from solar cells is a very cheap way of producing electricity. Due to underlined benefits of
Introduction to MOSFETs Mohamed M. Atalla worked at Bell Labs in the late 1950s on the issue of surface states, which he discovered. He carried on Frosch’s oxidation research, attempting to passivate the surface of silicon by generating an oxide layer on top of it. He felt that growing a